The Indian Journal of Animal Genetics and Breeding
This journal caters to a wide clientele comprising veterinarians, researchers and students. Articles are included on animal breeding and genetics, biotechnology from India and internationally. The Indian Journal of Animal Genetics and Breeding is one of the most notable scientific journals in Animal Genetics and Breeding being published in India. It is main source of information of original research carried out by our scientists and also serves as a permanent record of scientific research. Indian Journal of Animal Genetics and Breeding.
NIPA GENX ELECTRONIC RESOURCES & SOLUTIONS P LTD
Estimation of genetic trends for lactation traits in Saanen × Beetal crossbred goats under sub-tropical conditions
This study presents genetic trend analysis to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-decadal selective breeding program in a Saanen × Beetal crossbred dairy goat flock, reared under subtropical conditions at the ICAR-NDRI livestock farm. A dataset comprising 699 first-lactation phenotypic records for 150-day milk yield (150DMY), total milk yield (TMY), peak yield (PY), and days-in-milk (DIM) was utilized, with progeny originating from 109 sires and 444 dams over a 48-year period (1973–2021). The analytical framework involved fitting a mixed model to estimate variance components and derive estimated breeding values (EBVs) for all animals. The genetic trends for each trait were quantified through the regression of these EBVs on the birth year of the individuals. The analysis revealed consistent positive phenotypic progress, with mean annual increases of 67.42 g for 150DMY, 138.72 g for TMY, 0.04 days for DIM, and 0.24 g for PY. Critically, the regression of EBVs over time demonstrated significant and positive genetic trends for the primary milk yield traits, providing definitive evidence that the observed phenotypic improvements are underpinned by genetic gain. This confirmed that the systematic selection practices implemented within the flock have successfully harnessed additive genetic variance, leading to a sustained and heritable enhancement of milk production performance
EBVs, Estimated breeding values, Genetic trends, Milk production traits, Saanen × Beetal goats, Selective breeding
Copyright (c) 2026 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher or the copyright holder.
Beta-lactoglobulin candidate gene polymorphism and its association with milk quality traits in Gurez sheep of Jammu and Kashmir
Gurez sheep, the largest sheep breed limited to the Gurez valley of Kashmir, are known for sturdiness, adaptability, disease resistance, mutton, and milk production. It produces on average 300-650 ml/day. Beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) a candidate gene affects milk yield and quality. DNA was isolated from 60 Gurez sheep. Milk quality was assessed for fat, SNF, protein, density, and ash for 34 lactating ewes. The BLG gene (Exon II) of size 301 bp was amplified using specific reported primers. The RsaI restriction enzyme revealed genotypes: AA (241/60 bp), AB (241/175/60 bp), and BB (175/60 bp). The dominant genotype was AA, followed by BB and AB, with the A allele showing a higher frequency than the B allele (0.425). The effect of the observed genotypes was non-significant on all the milk quality traits under study, even though the study indicated that the BB genotype was associated with the highest fat (8.50%). The allele substitution effect at the BLG locus was positive on fat (genotype BB by 2.28%) and density (genotype AB by 0.75%). A great diversity in fat % was prevalent in the group under study, thereby evolving possibilities of selection programs in Gurez sheep and harnessing its dairy potential as a good substitute to cow/goat milk.
Allele-substitution, Beta-lactoglobulin candidate gene, Gurez sheep, Milk quality, Polymorphism
Analysis of carcass traits and meat quality in Attappady black goats
This study investigates the carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid composition of Attappady black goats, an indigenous meat-type breed reared under extensive systems by tribal communities in Kerala, India. Goats (6), 10-month-old were evaluated for live weight, dressing percentage, organ weights, proximate composition, physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, and sensory attributes. The mean dressing percentage was 44.45%, and the meat showed low cooking loss (17.53%), high moisture content (76.37%), and a favourable fatty acid profile dominated by oleic (29.33%), stearic (25.53%), and palmitic acids (21.05%). The pH value and color metrix indicated post-mortem changes consistent with quality meat. Sensory scores revealed acceptable tenderness and flavor, supporting the breed’s potential for consumer preference. The findings highlight the Attappady black goat’s suitability for sustainable meat production, offering economic and nutritional benefits to rural communities.
Attappady black goats, Carcass characteristics, Meat quality, Meat fatty acid profile
Spatio-temporal statistical analysis nereididae (polychaeta) abundance in mangrove ecosystems of Northern Kerala, India
Nereididae polychaetes are dominant components of estuarine mangrove sediments and respond sensitively to environmental variability. This study assessed the influence of spatial and seasonal changes on nereidid diversity and abundance across an estuarine gradient. Univariate analyses, including the computation of diversity indices (Shannon species diversity index, Margalef ’s species richness index, Pielou’s evenness index valueand Simpson’s species dominance index) were evaluated. Based on these analysis, Station 1 (closer to the sea) consistently exhibited the highest diversity indices values with relatively higher H′ during the pre-monsoon season followed by post-monsoon and lower values during the monsoon. Highest diversity and abundance of polychaete were observed in the 0-10 cm sediment layer compared to the 1020cm layer. Dendronereis aestuarina is the most abundant across all stations, it showed the highest dominance at Station 3 under favourable sediment conditions characterized by higher sand content and reduced organic load, likely due to lower pollution pressure, followed by Neanthes glandicincta.
Diversity, Polychaete, Indices, Season, Sediment
Growth, survival and phenotypic expression of mud crab (Scylla serrata) under contrasting rearing systems
Aquaculture-based genetic improvement programmes depend on consistent phenotypic expression of economically important traits to accurately distinguish genetic variation from environmental noise. In mud crab (Scylla serrata) culture, widely used open production systems such as earthen ponds and floating cages are characterised by environmental fluctuations, social aggression and cannibalism, leading to highly variable growth and survival outcomes that constrain effective selective breeding. This study evaluated the growth performance, survival and phenotypic uniformity of S. serrata reared under three contrasting production environments in Kerala, India: habitat-structured recirculating aquaculture systems (HS-RAS), floating cage systems and conventional earthen ponds. Production data were obtained from biologically successful culture cycles and analysed as a comparative observational assessment of system-level performance. Crabs reared in HS-RAS exhibited significantly higher final body weight, average daily growth and survival compared with those reared in floating cages and earthen ponds (p < 0.05). Moreover, HS-RAS demonstrated reduced variability in growth traits, indicating greater phenotypic uniformity and biological stability. Floating cage systems showed intermediate performance, while earthen ponds exhibited the lowest growth, survival and consistency of trait expression. The superior performance of HS-RAS is attributed to enhanced environmental control and habitat structuring, which reduce stress, aggressive interactions and cannibalism. From a breeding perspective, the improved survival stability and reduced non-genetic variance observed in HS-RAS enhance the reliability of phenotypic records and minimise unintended selection caused by differential mortality. Although HS-RAS involve higher capital and operational costs, their capacity to support consistent phenotypic expression highlights their suitability as platforms for broodstock conditioning and the development of controlled selective breeding programmes in mud crab aquaculture.
Habitat structuring; Genetic improvement; Growth performance; Phenotypic uniformity; Recirculating aquaculture systems; Scylla serrata; Selective breeding; Survival
Evaluation of toll-like receptor 6 polymorphism Reveals Balancing Selection in Indian Bos indicus ccattle Sodhi et al.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, responsible for recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating early immune responses. Among these TLR6, a member of the TLR1 subfamily, plays a central role in detecting bacterial lipopeptides through heterodimerization with TLR2. Despite its immunological importance, information on genetic variation and evolutionary patterns of TLR6 in Indian Bos indicus cattle is limited. In this study, we characterized the genetic diversity, structural variation, and evolutionary relationships of the bovine TLR6 gene across multiple Bos indicus breeds. Comparative analysis with Bos taurus revealed 31 SNPs, of which 16 were non-synonymous and 13 were synonymous, distributed across all functional domains except the signal peptide region. Majority of amino acid substitutions were conservative in polarity, suggesting stabilizing selection maintaining structural integrity. Functional predictions identified few potentially damaging substitutions localized within the LRR domain, pointing towards possible effects on ligand binding and TLR2–TLR6 heterodimerization. Phylogenetic analysis clustered B. indicus TLR6 sequences closely with B. taurus, confirming strong sequence conservation within the Bos lineage. However, divergence within indicine breed and positively selected residues in the LRR ectodomain indicated adaptive diversification driven by pathogen-mediated selection. These findings substantiate the importance of TLR6 polymorphisms as potential molecular indicators of adaptive immunity in Bos indicus cattle.
Diversity, Indian cattle, Innate immunity, Toll-like receptors, SNPs, Variation
Phenotypic characterization and multivariate analysis indicate distinctness of Ladakhi yak of Trans-Himalaya of Ladakh (India)
The yak (Bos grunniens)—a unique domesticated bovine, having the adaptation to high altitude of Himalayan region in India— is mainly distributed in Ladakh, a Union Territory in North Trans-Himalayan and Arunachal Pradesh on North-Eastern region. The native Ladakhi yak, registered as an indigenous breed distributed in four subregions of Ladakh was characterized under the study. Physical traits of coat, face, head, horn, ear, and tail of these subpopulations suggested that these traits were highly similar across four sub-regions. Morphometric traits (13 traits) on 200 Ladakhi yaks were recorded and analysed population discrimination. Multi-discriminate analysis based on morphometric data revealed overlapping of all four yak sub-populations of the Ladakh region. Sexual dimorphism was significant for traits like height at withers and horn circumference in Ladakhi yaks. Multivariate analysis carried out on six morphometric traits revealed a clear discrimination of Ladakhi and Arunachali yak, another registered indigenous breed with 100% correct classification. Based on phenotypic characterization and multivariate analysis phenotypic characteristics along with morphometric traits indicated Ladakhi yak to be distinct from Arunachali yak breed of India.
Discriminant analysis, Ladakh, Morphometry, Trans-Himalayan region, Yak
Evolutionary genomic footprints for highaltitude adaptation in native cattle (Bos indicus), yak (Bos grunniens) and their crossspecies hybrids (Bos indicus x Bos grunniens) in Trans-Himalaya
Human and animals of high altitudes are well adapted to hypothermic and hypoxic conditions, however, genomic evolution for the adaptation seems to be taken place, differently. Native cattle (Bos indicus), yak (Bos grunniens) and their cross-hybrids (Bos indicus × Bos grunniens) in Trans Himalayan region (3000 meter and above from msl) of India were studied to dissect the differences of molecular evolution. DNA samples of 12 each of cattle and yak and six of cross-hybrids were sequenced using double digestion restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) technique and further annotated and compared using a pipeline of online bioinformatic tools to identify different species-specific selection sweeps as well and commonly selected genes in these native stocks. A total of 4985 (921 genes) and 1168 (342 genes) and 1945 (423 genes) selection sweeps were identified in native cattle of Ladak (Ladakhi cattle), Ladakhi yak and their hybrids, respectively using integrated Haplotype Score (iHS) method. However, to tackle the high-altitude stressors selection sweeps responded to different sets of genes in cattle and yak. Ladakhi cattle primarily responded by PML, KCNMA1 and PRKCB genes; whereas Ladakhi yak responded by HIF1A, RYR2 and NOS2 genes. Major co-selected genes pertaining to adaptive processes in three bovines were identified using the XP-EHH based pairwise comparison. PTPRM, STARD13, CHRNA7, LOXL2 and AMOTL2 were having major role in adaptive hypoxia regulation; PKP2, RYR2 and GJA1 in adaptive cardiac regulation; PTPRK, HUS1, SOS1, EGFR and ADAMTS2 in cutaneous adaptation, and AKT3, IRS2, PTHIGFBP5, PPARA and EGR genes in adaptive energy metabolism commonly in all three high-altitude bovines. The study dissects the genomic regions of three native bovines under selection to high altitude and identify common as well as diverging genomic regions, evolved in view of highaltitude adaptation in native cattle, yak and their hybrids in Trans-Himalaya.
daptation, Cattle, High altitude, Selection signatures, Yak
Polymorphisms in FSHR and POU1F1 genes and their association with fertility traits in crossbred dairy cattle of Kerala
Improving fertility in dairy cattle is increasingly important, as selection for higher milk production is often associated with reduced reproductive efficiency. This study aimed to identify genetic variants in key fertility genes and assess their associations with major fertility traits, including daughter pregnancy rate (DPR), service period (SP), and age at first calving (AFC). The data pertaining to 250 first-lactation crossbred cattle from Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University farms and ICAR-FPT field centres, were analyzed. FSHR and POU1F1 genes were examined for polymorphisms using the PCR-SSCP technique. A non-synonymous SNP was detected in each gene: c.337C>G in FSHR and G111A in POU1F1. Association analysis revealed that FSHR genotypes significantly influenced DPR, whereas no significant effect was observed for POU1F1. These results indicated that FSHR polymorphisms contribute to reproductive variability in crossbred cattle and can be utilized as candidate markers for fertility improvement through marker-assisted selection programs.
Crossbred cattle, FS analysisHR, POU1F1, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Association
The mithun (Bos frontalis), a unique bovine species of the Eastern Himalayas, remains underutilized and poorly characterized in terms of genetic and phenotypic attributes. This review consolidates current knowledge on the phenotypic diversity of mithun populations both within India across Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Assam and internationally. Distinct morphological traits, management systems, and cultural practices were documented across regional populations, underscoring their evolutionary adaptations and the need for population-specific conservation strategies. Genomic and cytogenetic studies revealed mithun’s close phylogenetic relationship with wild gaur (Bos gaurus), confirmed through mitochondrial DNA analyses and chromosomal configurations, including species-specific Robertsonian translocations. Molecular diversity assessments using microsatellite and highdensity SNP markers highlight moderate genetic variability with minimal substructure but also indicated signs of inbreeding and genetic erosion in isolated populations. The availability of a high-quality de novo genome assembly offered valuable insights into gene content, repetitive elements, and evolutionary divergence from other bovine species. This review emphasized the urgent need for targeted genetic improvement, sustainable breeding practices, and conservation programs. Strategic recommendations include phenotypic and genotypic characterization of distinct populations, formation of mithun federations, development of semi-intensive rearing systems, and international collaboration through a proposed mithun genome consortium. Investing in mithun conservation and improvement offers a viable pathway for enhancing tribal livelihoods, ensuring food and nutritional security, and preserving agro biodiversity in fragile highland ecosystems. As a neglected but invaluable genetic resource, the mithun holds substantial promise for climate-resilient livestock production and sustainable rural development in the Eastern Himalayan region.
Copyright (c) 2025 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher or the copyright holder.
Strategies for enhancing goat improvement in India
Goat production in India has huge impact on socio-economic factors, especially in disadvantageous regions and presents a complex tapestry of challenges and opportunities. There are 39 registered indigenous goat breeds which have immense production potential in given climate provided they get congenial environment. Their optimum potential has not yet expressed due to subsistence production systems and low inputs. While framing breeding strategy for goat improvement traits of local importance should not be ignored. Integrated efforts are required in terms of breeding/genetic improvement, management, health care, marketing and value addition infrastructure particularly to enhance small-scale goat production. Improvement objectives of a breed(s) in different region should be well defined along with breed based package of practices. Management interventions for different farming systems in different regions should be popularized among stakeholders to shift goat farming from extensive to semi-intensive system. Formation of goat breeder’s cooperative/ societies/ buck mother farm/multiplier flocks should be encouraged. Up gradation of non-descript goats should be implemented in big way. At least 2,000 goats of all threatened breeds should be properly tagged and be made part of in-situ conservation programme. Large number of farmers flocks should be involved in Selective breeding and grading up programs. Selective breeding may be implemented through nucleus schemes. State level milk federation may be involved in goat milk procurement along with forward and backward linkages. The involvement of educated and resourceful people in commercial goat farming would encourage to drive better adoption of technology, establishing quality germ-plasm centers and in creating marketing structure and processing unit through appropriate policy support and incentives. Farmer’s active participation right from data recording to policy making is very important for sustained genetic improvement and conservation of caprine resources.
Our experience of buffalo improvement in India
India hosts 57% of world buffalo population and is crucial to global dairy and meat production. Buffaloes contribute more than half of India’s milk and a major portion of meat exports. Their adaptiveness, disease tolerance, and nutrient composition of the milk make them crucial for rural economies and small farmers. This paper discusses the historical evolution, present scenario, and genetic improvement approaches with reference to India’s buffaloes. It emphasizes on the breed diversity, existing breeding programs and its outcomes, and issues such as low conception rates and poor artificial insemination. With schemes like Rashtriya Gokul Mission and advancements such as genomic selection taking the center stage, the future of buffalo development looks promising. Sustained production, productivity enhancement, and rapid genetic progress are the keys to addressing the growing demand and enhancing the position of India in the world livestock industry.
Advancing education reforms in animal genetics and breeding
In the recent past, the field of animal genetics and breeding (AGB) has experienced transformative advancements driven by molecular genetics, genomics, bioinformatics, and data-driven selection methodologies. However, current educational frameworks in India have not sufficiently evolved to incorporate these contemporary developments, resulting in a critical gap between academic training and the practical competencies demanded by modern breeding programs. This article advocates the philosophy of Maimonides –Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime–, and proposes a comprehensive framework for the upgradation of AGB education, emphasizing curriculum modernization to integrate advanced genomic and computational tools. There is an urgent need to upgrade AGB education through curriculum reform, integration of genomic and computational tools, experiential learning, and interdisciplinary approaches. It also underscores the importance of collaboration between academia, industry, and policymakers, along with continuous professional development, to build a skilled workforce for sustainable and innovation-driven breeding systems.
Envisaging animal genetics and breeding education in the present era of artificial intelligence
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into animal genetics and breeding (AGB) education is redefining traditional paradigms of teaching, research, and practical application. This shift is being driven by the increasing relevance of AI tools in areas such as precision breeding, genomic selection, and livestock health management. While technological gaps, resistance to change, and data ethics remain significant challenges, emerging opportunities—such as AI-powered virtual labs, personalized learning systems, and smart decision-support tools— are transforming how students engage with complex genetic concepts. To meet the growing demand for professionals skilled in AI and genetics, educational programs must adopt crossdisciplinary strategies, blending data science, bioinformatics, and ethical training into the AGB curriculum. Government initiatives like NEP 2020 and #AIforAll, along with international collaborations and industry partnerships, are paving the way for skill development, innovation, and global exposure. As AI becomes central to modern breeding systems, the next generation of graduates must be equipped not only with technical proficiency but also with the critical thinking and ethical foresight needed to drive sustainable, tech-enabled progress in animal sciences.
The dairy sector is a cornerstone of global food security, providing essential nutrition and livelihoods for millions, particularly in rural economies such as India. Despite steady growth in milk production, the sector faces persistent challenges, including genetic limitations of indigenous cattle, disease prevalence, suboptimal feed quality, and inadequate infrastructure. Traditional approaches-such as selective breeding, nutritional optimization, and vaccinationhave historically improved productivity but are insufficient to overcome the complex, multifaceted constraints limiting further gains. Recent advances in biotechnology, including artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, sexed semen, genomic selection, and CRISPR-based genome editing, offer transformative potential for accelerating genetic improvement, enhancing disease resistance, and increasing environmental resilience. This review examines the convergence of conventional and advanced technologies, highlighting how their integration can drive rapid genetic progress, optimize resource use, and improve animal welfare. By synthesizing established practices with cutting-edge innovations, the dairy sector can sustainably augment milk production, strengthen resilience to climate change, and meet the rising global demand for high-quality dairy products. The synergistic application of these technologies is essential for building a robust, efficient, and future-ready dairy industry.
Statistical models and approaches for analyzing the data on production traits and estimation of breeding value
This article presents a comprehensive overview of statistical models and analytical approaches used for evaluating production traits and estimating breeding values in livestock. Emphasizing both traditional and advanced methodologies, the discussion includes least squares, Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP), and contemporary genomic models such as Genomic BLUP (GBLUP), single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP), Bayesian methods, and dominance models. Special attention is given to data challenges in smallholder dairy systems, the importance of contemporary group effects, genetic trend estimation, and accounting for breed composition and population structure. The article further explores software tools, model selection, and the practical implications of genetic evaluations in diverse production systems. This synthesis serves as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners engaged in animal breeding, genetic evaluation, and livestock improvement under both intensive and resource-constrained conditions.
Augmenting poultry production safeguarding the welfare of poultry using breeding and molecular techniques
With the rising ethical and sustainability awareness, there is a global clamour for introducing welfare measures in livestock production systems, particularly in poultry production. Intense selection and poor management practices have led to emergence of skeletal disorders, gut and cardiovascular issues, stress and reduced immune response in poultry. Furthermore, in the light of climate change threat, there is a need to incorporate welfare in poultry breeding programs order to raise robust and resilient birds. Breeding goals for poultry welfare can include selection for morphological, physiological, behavioural and social traits related to welfare. Selection for disease resistance is another important component of welfare, and must be assigned appropriate weightage alongside the production traits in an index-based selection. Besides, advent of precision phenotyping along with the generation of real-time data and big data analytics can greatly improve the recording of social and welfare traits. This can be further complemented with the omic studies to identify genetic markers associated with the traits and to unravel the genetic architecture of the traits. Although, important insights are being generated on the genetics of welfare traits globally, it is high time that we, in India, work on this aspect and raise robust and resilient birds.
This paper reviews the methodological advancements, statistical models, and technological platforms underpinning genome-wide association studies (GWAS), highlighting its transformative role in livestock breeding programs. A significant focus is placed on the integration of high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping, linkage disequilibrium models, and multiomics data to enhance genomic prediction and selection accuracy. The study also emphasizes GWAS applications in Indian livestock, particularly Vrindavani cattle and indigenous pig breeds, for traits such as milk composition, mineral content, and immune response to classical swine fever (CSF) vaccination. Despite its strengths, GWAS faces limitations including reliance on existing SNP panels, stringent significance thresholds, and challenges in pinpointing causal variants. The application of mixed models, principal component analysis, and CNV analysis are discussed as strategies to mitigate these issues. The findings underscore GWAS as a pivotal tool for unravelling the genetic architecture of economically important traits, paving the way for precision breeding and improved animal health management. Future prospects lie in exploring gene–gene and gene–environment interactions to bridge the gap of missing heritability and to optimize trait-specific breeding strategies.
Status of genomic selection in Indian crossbreed dairy cattle
Genomic selection in dairy livestock in India is an advanced and proven breeding methodology. Compared to the traditional breeding where evaluation relies on phenotypic information on specific trait assessment and pedigree information through progeny selection method takes years to evaluate genetic merit of the test bull , while genomic selection accelerates genetic progress by examining the animal’s genome directly to predict desirable traits at a much earlier age of life. Genomic selection programs for dairy cattle in India primarily focus on indigenous and crossbred cattle, including Gir, Sahiwal, and crossbred Holstein Friesians. Milk production, resilience, and adaptability to the diverse challenging climatic conditions of the country are improved. Therefore, genomic tools help to make more informed decisions by the breeders, which results in enhanced productivity, improves farmer livelihoods, and supports food security through more reliable milk supply.
Yaks are indispensable to high-altitude communities, offering essential resources such as meat, milk, and wool while demonstrating remarkable resilience in extreme environments. However, their long-term viability is jeopardized by challenges including transhumance system of rearing, limited genetic research, inbreeding, and environmental pressures. Recent advancements in genomics, molecular genetics and breeding technologies, such as CRISPR, and artificial insemination along with genomic selection, present promising avenues for enhancing productivity and resilience. To safeguard yak genetic diversity and ensure their adaptability amid climate change, sustainable breeding programs, and conservation strategies are imperative.
Genetic improvement in buffaloes for enhancing global food security
The global food crisis is worsening, with around 282 million people experiencing acute food insecurity in 2023, largely due to extreme weather events and inflation. This crisis is particularly severe in the Asia-Pacific region, where the rising cost of healthy food has left 232.8 million people unable to afford a nutritious diet. In India, home to approximately 200 million malnourished people, buffaloes have become essential in the fight against hunger, contributing around 45% to the nation’s milk production and significantly to meat production. Buffalo meat and milk, known for their high nutritional value, are crucial in addressing food insecurity. Additionally, buffalo farming is linked to sustainable practices, such as efficient feed use and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Over the past fifty years, India’s efforts to improve buffalo genetics have led to significant increases in productivity. Despite challenges like smallholder farming constraints, there are opportunities to expand buffalo meat exports and value-added dairy products. Adopting precision dairy farming and advanced breeding programs could transform India’s dairy industry, enhancing its global competitiveness and sustainability.
Buffaloes, Food security, Genetic improvement, milk production, Meat production, Sustainable farming
Copyright (c) 2024 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, including electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher or the copyright holder.
Assessment of genetic parameters and breeding value of somatic cell score and first lactation 305 days milk yield in crossbred dairy cattle of Kerala
Present study focuses on estimating the genetic parameters and breeding values related to somatic cell score (SCS) and first lactation 305 days milk yield (FL305DMY) in crossbred cattle in Kerala. Mastitis, a common inflammatory condition of the mammary gland, poses significant challenges to dairy production by decreasing milk quality and quantity, resulting in considerable economic losses for farmers. The study involved 200 first-lactation crossbred cows from various locations and 200 raw milk samples were analysed for SCS estimation. Overall least square mean of SCS and 305 DMY were 4.85 and 2409.35 kg, respectively. The heritability estimates for SCS and 305 DMY were 0.003±0.340 and 0.359±0.076. The average breeding value of 200 crossbred cattle sired by 78 bulls for SCS was 4.16 and for 305DMY was 2743.60 kg. The negative genetic correlation between SCS and FL305DMY (-0.113 ± 0.38) further emphasizes the detrimental impact of mastitis on milk production. The results indicate the necessity of incorporating SCS into selection criteria for dairy cattle to enhance both milk yield and overall herd health.
Somatic cell, cattle, lactation milk yield, genetic parameter
Climate change significantly impacts the production, health, welfare, and survival of farm animals. The prolonged heat stress is a major concern in tropical and subtropical regions. Heat tolerance enables livestock to maintain thermal balance under extreme climatic conditions, thus ensuring productivity and animal welfare. There is a feasibility of genetic selection for heat tolerance to improve production and reproduction traits. This genetic selection may provide enduring advantages in maintaining productive and reproductive performances as heat stress is a heritable trait. To identify and integrate traits associated with thermal tolerance into breeding programs, it is imperative to have a robust animal performance records and meteorological data. Temperature humidity index (THI) is a widely used biomarker for assessing heat stress in dairy cows, as it combines air temperature and relative humidity. In regions with sparse weather station coverage, NASA POWER satellite data is a viable alternative for obtaining meteorological information to calculate THI and evaluate heat stress impacts. There are multiple models for calculating THI and those focusing on humidity being more effective in humid climates. Genetic models, particularly reaction norm models based on random regressions, were introduced for estimating genetic parameters for heat tolerance in cattle. These models help to understand genotype-environment interactions and non-linear relationship between THI and milk yield reduction. The continued genetic selection for milk production without considering heat tolerance traits increases susceptibility to heat stress, emphasizing a need for comprehensive selection objectives. This review underscores the importance of incorporating heat tolerance traits into genetic selection for dairy cattle and highlights various biomarkers and genetic models used to estimate heat tolerance. Incorporating these traits into breeding goals is essential to improve thermotolerance while maintaining productivity, bolstering resilience of cattle to climate change.
Climate change, temperature humidity index, NASA, satellite, genetic parameters
Investigating non-genetic factors impacting first lactation milk yield in Mehsana buffaloes
Buffaloes are known as the backbone of dairy industry in India by contributing about half of milk production. Milk production, a complex trait, is influenced by various non-genetic factors. This study investigated the impact of non-genetic factors on the first lactation performance of Mehsana buffaloes, focusing on their 305-day milk yield (305DMY). The dataset, comprising 23,608 records, was obtained from the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Anand, recorded through the Indian Network for Animal Productivity and Health (INAPH). Age at first calving, year of calving, month of calving, and union (milk co-operative society) were considered as non-genetic factors. Statistical analysis, including Least Squares Analysis and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, revealed that all factors had a highly significant (P < 0.01) influence on 305DMY. These findings contribute valuable insights into dairy herd management strategies, aiding dairy farmers, policymakers, and researchers to optimize milk production and improve the overall productivity of Mehsana buffaloes.
Least Squares mean, Mehsana buffalo, Milk yield, Non-genetic factors
Comparative analysis of marker selection approaches for population stratification in Garole and Deccani sheep
The present study was undertaken to identify ancestry-informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from medium-density Ovine50K genotyping data for the development of low-density SNP panels in Deccani and Garole sheep breeds of India. These panels can be used for efficient and cost-effective genetic analysis and breed identification. Genotyping data from 49 individuals (25 Garole, and 24 Deccani) was analyzed using the OvineSNP50 BeadChip array. Quality control measures were applied to ensure data accuracy and improve reliability and reproducibility of results. Admixture analysis was performed to assess genetic structure and identify potential marker sets for low-density panels. Three different methods (distance, frequency, and index) were used to select markers based on their distribution and allele frequencies. The low-density panels were designed at pre-set sizes of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 5000. The results revealed that low-density panels, particularly with 3K and 5K markers, can effectively differentiate between Deccani and Garole sheep. In conclusion, the 0.5K dense SNP panel developed via index method (followed by frequency method) can be recommended for better genomic clustering (~90%) for both the breeds. The developed SNP panels provide a valuable resource for genetic analysis and breed identification in these sheep populations, potentially facilitating conservation efforts and genetic improvement programs.
Genomic breed clustering, Low-density panel, MAF, Ovine50KSNP position
Genotyping and m-RNA expression analysis of heat shock factor (HSF-1) gene in lactating goat during heat stress
Heat shock factors (HSFs) are essential for cells to respond to thermal stress, activating genes that protect the cells. Different HSFs help cells respond to various environmental and physiological changes. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of thermal stress on goats with different genotypes. The variation in DNA Indian goat breeds and effect of thermal stress on mRNA levels of HSF-1 gene was studied. Genotyping of the HSF-1 gene was performed in four Indian goat breeds using high resolution melting (HRM). Out of the 138 samples, the distribution percentages of different genotypes were 60.87% (AA/blue), 17.39% (AC/red) and 13.04% (CC/green) and 8.70 (AT/Pink). Caprine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used to extract total RNA, which was transcribed into cDNA. The relative expression patterns of the HSF1 gene were assessed in Jamunapari goats with differing milk yields under heat stress phenotypes (HST and HSS). Low milk yield goats with the HSS phenotype exhibited a relative expression 0.7072-fold change, while those with the HST phenotype showed 0.7846- fold change. High milk yield goats with the HSS phenotype demonstrated 0.4928, and those with the HST phenotype exhibited 0.3694. However, the expression pattern of the HSF1 gene did not differ statistically between the groups. The regulation of the HSF1 gene may be attributed to the lower magnitude of heat stress in this study, which was insufficient to induce a robust cellular stress response in lactating Jamunapari goats. These findings provide insights into the genetic and phenotypic factors influencing heat stress resilience and milk production in Jamunapari goats. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing improved breeding strategies aimed at enhancing heat tolerance and productivity in this breed.
HSF, Genotyping, mRNA Expression, Lactation stage, Goats
Genome editing tools for improved and sustainable livestock production systems
Genome editing has great potential to improve production traits such as dairy and meat quality, as well as wool production in livestock species. Some notable examples include the production of the β-lactoglobulin (BLG) knockout resulting in hypoallergenic milk, disruption of the myostatin (MSTN) gene leading to increased muscle mass, longer wool achieved by mutating the fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) gene, and the development of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)-resistant pigs through the editing of the CD163 receptor. These advancements demonstrated the immense potential for enhancing productivity, animal health, and welfare to significant impact the economic benefits for farmers and industries. The regulatory landscape for gene-edited animals varies globally; the countries like Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, and Japan have adopted progressive policies by treating gene- edited animals similarly to those produced by conventional breeding. In conclusion, genome editing technologies have the potential to transform agriculture, promoting sustainability and efficiency in livestock production systems.
Genome editing, Livestock, Improved production, Disease resistance, Climate resilience, Regulatory framework
Advanced perspectives of biocomputational gene discovery
Gene discovery is one of the most significant processes in understanding and analysis of an organism’s genome after its sequencing. The method comprises determining the location of intron structures, exon structures, and open reading frames (ORFs). It computationally specifies all of the genes with near 100% reliability. It can substantially reduce the amount of wet lab experimentation. In eukaryotic genomes, mosaic organization occurs when a gene is divided into exons by intervening noncoding regions (called introns). Several methods are available for gene finding such as laboratory-based approaches, feature-based approaches homology-based approaches, and statistical and HMM-based approaches. In this paper, we aim to discuss in silco approaches for gene prediction with available bioinformatics tools for gene finding.
Gene prediction, Bioinformatics tools, In silco approaches
Performance evaluation of composite Vrindavani cattle in field conditions of Uttar Pradesh
The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of Vrindavani crossbred cattle under field conditions of Uttar Pradesh. The study was conducted in six tehsils of the Bareilly district, involving interviews with 201 respondents and covering a total of 554 animals. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview schedule. A one-way ANOVA was performed to find the statistical differences between the tehsils in the Bareilly district. The average lactation milk yield, lactation length, average milk yield per day, peak yield, and dry period of Vrindavani crossbred cows under field conditions was 2996.54±32.99 kg, 348.80±1.98 days, 8.64±0.10 kg, 13.34±0.17 kg, and 117.51±2.76 days, respectively. The age at puberty, age at first service, age at first calving, service period, number of services per conception, and calving interval averaged 611.36±9.71 days, 678.94±5.46 days, 1010.71±7.25 days, 171.90±2.63 days, 2.39±0.07, and 465.71±3.01 days, respectively. The average birth weight, and weight at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months for Vrindavani crossbred calves were 21.17±0.07 kg, 45.76±0.25 kg, 80.79±0.44 kg, and 128.03±1.12 kg, respectively. The performance of Vrindavani crossbred cows was comparatively better than other crossbred cattle populations under field conditions. However, their performance in the field was lower as compared to organized farms. To improve the productivity of Vrindavani crossbreds further, a proper breeding policy should be implemented at the field level to ensure the propagation of Vrindavani crossbred semen. Additionally, improvements in non-genetic factors are necessary to achieve higher productivity.
Crossbred, Growth, Lactation, Performance, Reproduction, Vrindavani
Transforming Indian cattle industry for building sustainable future
India is one of the 17 global mega-biodiversity hotspots and harbours a rich diversity of flora and fauna with more than 212 breeds of various livestock species registered at the national level. Livestock sector contributes immensely to the national GDP of India with appreciable annual growth in dairying sector. The cattle population in India is mainly concentrated in its northern and western regions. Raising cattle is deeply ingrained into the social, cultural, and traditional fabric of many communities in India. It forms an important source of livelihood for rural masses. India faces a twin challenge of sustainable management of its huge cattle inventory while improving the productivity of animals and profitability of farmers within the minimum possible time. It is coupled with other challenges in terms of the limited resource base and changing agro-climatic trends along with the ever-looming threat of climate change. The profitability of rearing cattle has increased gradually since independence mainly due to staunch efforts made during the White Revolution and subsequently its carry-over effect. The adult female cattle population of India has increased 1.67 times from 54.4 million in 1951 to 145.12 million in 2019. There is an utmost need for improvement of productivity of cows using modern genetic approaches coupled with improvement in different facets of breeding, feeding and healthcare management. Streamlining the marketing channels, expanding the market network, and establishing a suitable farmers’ co-operative system across the country for dairy products offer opportunities for improved income of the dairy farmers besides providing nutritional security to rural masses. The present policy paper attempts to traverse through the important milestones and programmes in the cattle sector that led India to the stage of self-sustenance, besides analyzing the current threats and challenges faced by the industry along with possible solutions
Challenges, dairying, genomics, productivity, programmes, sustainability
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